Cutting
the cost of changeover is something every company can do.
How much can you save via reduced changeover times? That’s a question I ask all the time, but fewer than 15% to 20% of companies can answer it. Companies that do know tell me that it is hardly insignificant. The lowest number I’ve seen, from a pharmaceutical packager, is $13,500 an hour. A distilled spirits bottler calculates it at more than $32,000 an hour. Other companies in a variety of packaging markets calculate costs in a similar range.
Changeover costs come in two flavors: tangible and intangible. Tangible costs are those which are measurable and whose dollar value can be calculated. Intangible costs may be even more expensive but, by their nature, are difficult or impossible to quantify.
Tangible costs
The biggest tangible cost for most manufacturers will be lost production. If your line runs at 200 products per minute, every minute it is down represents 200 products that you will not sell or earn profits on.A related cost is lost capacity. If you are selling all you can make, but are losing 10% to 20% of your available time to changeover, reducing changeover provides additional capacity without the expense of new construction, machinery, people and inventory.
Inventory levels are another factor. Some plants will try to minimize the impact of changeover via longer production runs. While this reduces the number of changeovers, it does so at the expense of increasing inventories. At a typical annual carrying cost of 30%, the focus needs to be on reducing, not increasing, inventory.
Better quality changeovers will lead to increased performance. Increased efficiency goes straight to the bottom line.
Intangible costs
The biggest intangible cost is usually reduced responsiveness to your customers. They don’t want to hear that you can’t satisfy a need this week because you are running something else. The ability to flexibly shift production as needed will help keep a customer from going elsewhere.A plant stressed by lengthy changeovers, fighting just to get product out the door, can forget that the lack of innovation results in stagnation and decline. Relieving the stress by getting changeover times under control will foster both innovative ideas and the opportunity to try them out. This creates a virtuous cycle where each innovation inspires further innovation.
These examples are illustrative, not comprehensive. Every company will have different models and factors for determining changeover’s cost. The point is that there are significant costs to changeover and they must be known. It is only by knowing costs that management can make intelligent decisions. Flying blind on this significant operating cost will lead to bad decisions. In other words:
Know your costs and you will do something about them!
